Histoplasmosis diseminada en una paciente pediátrica inmunocompetente / Disseminated histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent pediatric patient

La histoplasmosis es una micosis endémica producida por el hongo Histoplasma capsulatum. La forma diseminada en pediatría conlleva alta morbimortalidad. Reportamos el caso de una niña inmunocompetente con diagnóstico de histoplasmosis diseminada. Paciente de 3 años de edad con cuadro clínico de síndrome febril prolongado acompañado de hepatoesplenomegalia confirmada por ecografía. Laboratorio con anemia normocítica, normocrómica y leucopenia. Se arribó al diagnóstico por biopsia de ganglio periportal y periesplénico. El cultivo fue positivo para Histoplasma capsulatum y en estudios histopatológicos se observó linfadenitis granulomatosa con elementos levaduriformes intracelulares. Realizó tratamiento con anfotericina B 1 mg/kg/día durante 6 semanas con favorable resolución clínica. Se debe considerar histoplasmosis diseminada en aquellos pacientes provenientes de zonas endémicas que presentan la tríada de fiebre, hepatoesplenomegalia y citopenias, para poder brindar un tratamiento oportuno, mejorar el pronóstico y disminuir la mortalidad de la enfermedad.

Histoplasmosis is an endemic fungal infection caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. The disseminated form is associated with a high morbidity and mortality in pediatrics. Here we report the case of an immunocompetent female patient diagnosed with disseminated histoplasmosis. She was 3 years old and presented with protracted febrile syndrome and hepatosplenomegaly confirmed by ultrasound. Lab tests showed normocytic anemia and leukopenia. Diagnosis was made by periportal and perisplenic lymph node biopsy. The culture was positive for Histoplasma capsulatum and histopathological studies showed granulomatous lymphadenitis with intracellular yeast-like elements. Amphotericin B was administered at 1 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks, with a favorable clinical course. Disseminated histoplasmosis should be considered in patients from endemic areas who present the triad of fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and cytopenias so as to provide a timely treatment, improve prognosis, and reduce the mortality from this disease.

Características clínicas, tratamiento y evolución de una serie de niños con síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a SARS-CoV-2 hospitalizados en dos centros de salud / Clinical characteristics, treatment and evolution of a series of children with multisystemic inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized in two health centers / Características clínicas, tratamento e evolução de uma série de crianças com síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica associada ao SARS-CoV-2 internadas em dois centros de saúde

Introducción: en marzo del 2021 se registró el pico de incidencia de COVID-19 en Uruguay y un aumento de la infección en pediatría. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas, el tratamiento y la evolución de una serie de menores de 15 años con SIM-Ped S hospitalizados en dos centros de salud. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de los niños hospitalizados entre el 1/3 y el 31/6 de 2021 que cumplieron los criterios diagnósticos de SIM-Ped de la OMS. Se analizan variables clínicas, paraclínicas, tratamiento y evolución. Resultados: se incluyeron 12 niños, mediana de edad 7 años (22 meses-10 años). Se presentaron complicación posinfecciosas en 8 y en el curso de la infección en 4. Las manifestaciones fueron: fiebre (media 6 días, rango 3-10), digestivas 10 y mucocutáneas 7. Se presentaron como enfermedad Kawasaki símil 5 y como shock 2. La infección por SARS CoV-2 se confirmó por PCR en 6, serología 4 y test antigénico 2. Recibieron tratamiento en cuidados moderados 8 e intensivos 4: inmunoglobulina 9, corticoides 11, heparina 7 y ácido acetilsalicílico 7. Presentaron dilatación de arterias coronarias 2, alteraciones valvulares 2, disminución de la FEVI 2 y derrame pericárdico 2. Todos evolucionaron favorablemente. Conclusiones: en estos centros, los primeros casos de SIMS-Ped S coincidieron con el pico de incidencia de COVID-19 en el país. Predominaron las formas postinfecciosas en escolares con manifestaciones digestivas. Este estudio puede contribuir al reconocimiento de esta entidad y adecuar los algoritmos nacionales de manejo.

Introduction: in March 2021, there was a peak incidence of COVID-19 and an increase in pediatric infections in Uruguay. Objective: describe the clinical characteristics, treatment and evolution of a group of children under 15 years of age with SIM-Ped S hospitalized in two health centers. Methodology: descriptive, retrospective study of children hospitalized between 3/1 and 6/31 of 2021 who met the WHO diagnostic criteria for SIM-Ped. Clinical and paraclinical variables, as well as treatment and evolution were analyzed. Results: 12 children were included, median age 7 years (22 months-10 years). Eight of them showed post-infectious complications and 4 of them had complications during the course of the infection. The manifestations were: fever (mean 6 days, range 3-10), digestive symptoms 10 and mucocutaneous 7. Five of them presented a Kawasaki-like disease and 2 of them shock. SARS CoV-2 infection was confirmed by PCR in 6 cases, serology in 4 and antigenic test in 2. Eight of them received treatment in moderate care and 4 of them in intensive care: immunoglobulin 9, corticosteroids 11, heparin 7 and acetylsalicylic acid 7. Two of them presented dilated arteries coronary , valvular alterations 2, decreased LVEF 2 and pericardial effusion 2. All progressed favorably. Conclusions: in these centers, the first cases of SIMS-Ped S coincided with the peak incidence of COVID-19 in the country. Post-infectious forms predominated in schoolchildren who showed digestive manifestations. This study may contribute to the recognition of this entity and to the adaptation of national management algorithms.

Introdução: em março de 2021, foi registrado no Uruguai um pico de incidência da COVID-19 e um aumento dos casos da infecção pediátrica. Objetivo: descrever as características clínicas, tratamento e evolução de uma série de crianças menores de 15 anos com SIM-Ped S internadas em dois centros de saúde. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, de crianças internadas entre 1/3 e 31/6 de 2021 que preencheram os critérios diagnósticos da OMS para o SIM-Ped. Foram analisadas variáveis clínicas e para-clinicas, tratamento e evolução. Resultados: foram incluídas 12 crianças, com idade média de 7 anos (22 meses-10 anos). Oito delas apresentaram complicações pós-infecciosas e 4 delas durante o curso da infecção. As manifestações foram: febre (média de 6 dias, intervalo 3-10), digestivas 10 e mucocutânea 7. Cinco delas apresentaram doença de Kawasaki-like e 2 delas sofreram Shock. A infecção por SARS CoV-2 foi confirmada por PCR em 6, sorologia em 4 e teste antigênico em 2. Oito delas receberam tratamento em cuidados moderados e 4 delas em cuidados intensivos: imunoglobulina 9, corticosteroides 11, heparina 7 e ácido acetilsalicílico 7. Duas delas apresentaram artérias coronárias dilatadas 2, alterações valvares 2, diminuição da FEVE 2 e derrame pericárdico 2. Todas evoluíram favoravelmente. Conclusões: nesses centros, os primeiros casos de SIMS-Ped S coincidiram com um pico de incidência de COVID-19 no país. As formas pós-infecciosas predominaram em escolares com manifestações digestivas. Este estudo pode contribuir para o reconhecimento desta entidade e adaptar algoritmos nacionais de gestão.

Complicaciones ORL severas por mononucleosis infecciosa en adolescentes sanos: 2 casos clínicos y revisión de la literatura / ENT severe complications of infectious mononucleosis in healthy adolescents: report of two cases and literature review

Resumen La mononucleosis infecciosa (MI) es un cuadro clínico generalmente benigno y autolimitado en la infancia y adolescencia debido a la primoinfección del virus de Epstein-Barr caracterizado por la triada de faringitis, fiebre y adenopatías. El riesgo de complicaciones aumenta con la edad y la inmunosupresión, siendo las complicaciones letales más frecuentes las asociadas a rotura esplénica, alteraciones neurológicas y obstrucción de la vía aérea por el aumento del tamaño amigdalar. Los abscesos cervicales asociados a MI son poco frecuentes, siendo mayoritariamente periamigdalinos e intraamigdalares. Presentamos dos casos quirúrgicos de abscesos cervicales profundos de gran tamaño con afectación retrofaríngea y parafaríngea en adolescentes sanos de corta edad (14 y 15 años), sin ningún tipo de inmunosupresión o factores de riesgo, uno de ellos asociado además, a una relevante hemorragia amigdalar espontanea, condición no descrita previamente en la literatura en relación a MI en un paciente tan joven.

Abstract Infectious mononucleosis (MI) is a generally benign and self-limited condition in childhood and adolescence due to the primary EBV infection characterized by the triad of pharyngitis, fever, and lymphadenopathies. The risk of complications increases with age and immunosuppression. The most frequent fatal complications are those associated with splenic rupture, neurological alterations, and airway obstruction due to increased tonsillar size. Cervical abscesses associated with MI are rare, being mostly peritonsillar and intra-tonsil. We present two surgical cases of big deep cervical abscesses with retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal involvement in healthy very young adolescents (14 and 15 years old), without any type of immunosuppression or risk factors, one of them associated with a clinically relevant spontaneous tonsillar bleeding, which had not been described in the literature associated with MI in such young patient.

Manifestaciones Gastrointestinales de COVID-19: puesta al día y revisión de literatura / Gastrointestinal Manifestations of COVID-19: update and literature review

The Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the beta coronavirus family, it is the cause of the COVID-19 disease and the pandemic that has revolutionized and challenged the medical research profession and health systems around the world. With the first coronavirus SARS-CoV, the important role of the angiotensin 2-converting enzyme (ACE2) in the pathophysiology of the disease caused by the virus was discovered, a discovery that would lay the foundations on which research on the new coronavirus is based. The virus is capable of producing disease with a wide spectrum of clinical presentation, from asymptomatic patients to patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring admission to intensive care units (ICU). The most commonly described symptoms are fever, cough, myalgia, and dyspnea. However, and with advances in the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it has been discovered that gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are frequent and have been associated with severe disease. Viral RNA has been found in feces, urine, blood, and other fluids, which could mean that there are other routes of infection that have not been considered a threat by the medical community until now. In this article, an updated bibliographic review of this topic is presented, with articles selected from the PubMed platform.

Association between duration of fever before treatment and intravenous immunoglobulin resistance in Kawasaki disease / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To examine the association between duration of fever before intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment and IVIG resistance in children with Kawasaki disease (KD).@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 317 children with KD who were admitted from January 2018 to December 2020. According to the duration of fever before IVIG treatment, they were divided into two groups: short fever duration group (≤4 days) with 92 children and long fever duration group (>4 days) with 225 children. According to the presence or absence of IVIG resistance, each group was further divided into a drug-resistance group and a non-drug-resistance group. Baseline data and laboratory results were compared between groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the influencing factors for IVIG resistance.@*RESULTS@#In the short fever duration group, 19 children (20.7%) had IVIG resistance and 5 children (5.4%) had coronary artery aneurysm, and in the long fever duration group, 22 children (9.8%) had IVIG resistance and 19 children (8.4%) had coronary artery aneurysm, suggesting that the short fever duration group had a significantly higher rate of IVIG resistance than the long fever duration group (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the incidence rate of coronary artery aneurysm between the two groups (P>0.05). In the short fever duration group, compared with the children without drug resistance, the children with drug resistance had a significantly lower level of blood sodium and significantly higher levels of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide before treatment (P<0.05). In the long fever duration group, the children with drug resistance had significantly lower levels of blood sodium and creatine kinase before treatment than those without drug resistance (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a reduction in blood sodium level was associated with IVIG resistance in the long fever duration group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#IVIG resistance in children with KD varies with the duration of fever before treatment. A reduction in blood sodium is associated with IVIG resistance in KD children with a duration of fever of >4 days before treatment.

Analysis of clinical characteristics of 35 inflammasomopathies cases / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To summarize the clinical characteristics of inflammasomopathies, enhance the recognition of those diseases, and help to establish the early diagnosis. Methods: The clinical manifestations including fever, rash, systems involvement as well as laboratory results and genotypic characteristics of 35 children with inflammasomopathies diagnosed by the Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. Results: A total of 35 cases of inflammasomopathies were diagnosed, and 20 of them were boys while 15 were girls. Inflammasomopathies patients have early onset, the age of onset as well as diagnostic age were 1 (0,7) and 7 (3,12), respectively. Among those patients, 10 had familial mediterranean fever, 3 had mevalonate kinase deficiency, 15 cases had NLRP3 gene associated autoinflammatory disease, 4 cases had NLRP12-associated autoinflammatory disease, 2 cases had familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome 3, and 1 case had familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome 4. A total of 34 cases (97%) showed recurrent fever, 27 cases (77%) had skin rashes, while 11 cases (31%), 10 cases (29%), and 8 cases (23%) were presented with lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and growth retardation, respectively. In terms of systemic involvement, there were 18 cases (51%), 12 cases (34%), 8 cases (23%), and 5 cases (14%) with skeletal, neurological, auditory, and renal involvement, respectively. Central nervous system involvement was seen only in NLRP3 gene associtated autoinflammatory diseases (12 cases), sensorineural deafness was seen in NLRP3 gene associtated autoinflammatory diseases (6 cases) and NLRP12 gene associated autoinflammatory diseases (2 cases), and abdominal pain was observed in familial Mediterranean fever (5 cases), mevalonate kinase deficiency (1 case) and NLRP12 gene related autoinflammatory diseases (1 case). In the acute inflammatory phase, the acute phase reactants (erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP)) of 35 cases (100%) were significantly increased. There were 21 cases received ferritin examination, and only 4 cases (19%) showed an increase of it. In terms of autoantibodies, among all 35 patients, 4 cases (11%) were positive for antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Conclusions: Fever, skin rash, and skeletal manifestations are the most common clinical features, accompanied with increased CRP and ESR, and negative results of autoantibodies such as ANA. The clinical manifestations of those diseases are complex and diverse, and it is prone to delayed diagnosis and treatment.

Caracterización de niños diagnosticados con COVID-19 en una provincia de la sierra norte del Perú / Characterization of children diagnosed with COVID-19 in a province in the northern sierra of Peru

Introducción: La población infantil presenta una escasa morbilidad y mortalidad por COVID-19; sin embargo, los niños infectados por el SARS-CoV-2 están en aumento y cabe la necesidad de caracterizarlos según sus diversas variables de presentación. Objetivo: Examinar las características sociales, clínicas, condiciones epidemiológicas y cuadro clínico de los niños diagnosticados con COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, con muestra de 88 niños menores de 12 años. Se revisó la base de datos de la oficina de epidemiología del hospital autorizado para el registro de casos confirmados de COVID-19 en la provincia de Chota, Perú. Se obtuvo la autorización de la dirección de la institución para utilizar la data exclusivamente con fines investigativos. El periodo de análisis: 14 de abril (caso cero en la provincia) de 2020-28 de enero de 2021. Resultados: En la muestra 51,1 por ciento fueron mujeres, el promedio de edad 5,6 años; 10,2 por ciento estuvo hospitalizado, 83 por ciento fue puesto en aislamiento, y 98,9 por ciento presentó una recuperación satisfactoria. Las manifestaciones fundamentales en los niños fueron: tos 26,1 por ciento; fiebre 23,9 por ciento y cefalea 19,3 por ciento. Las condiciones epidemiológicas detectadas fueron: 1,4 por ciento viajó en las últimas dos semanas; 47,7 por ciento tuvo contagio intradomiciliario y 67 por ciento asintomático. No se informaron niños fallecidos, intubados, ventilados o con neumonía. Conclusiones: Los niños son igual de susceptibles a la COVID-19 que otras personas; presentan cuadros clínicos menos graves que cursan principalmente con tos, fiebre, cefalea y malestar general; muestran una evolución más favorable y altas prevalencias de asintomáticos y contagios intradomiciliarios(AU)

Introduction: Children population has low morbidity and mortality by COVID-19; however, children infected with SARS-CoV-2 are on the rise and may need to be characterized according to their various presentation variables. Objective: Examine the social, clinical characteristics, epidemiological conditions and clinical picture of children diagnosed with COVID-19. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study, with a sample of 88 children under 12 years old. The database of the hospital´s epidemiology office authorized for the registration of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Chota province, Peru, was reviewed. Authorization was obtained from the institution's management to use the data exclusively for research purposes. The analysis period was from April 14, 2020 (zero case in the province) to January 28, 2021. Results: In the sample 51.1 percent were women, the average age was 5.6 years; 10.2 percent were hospitalized, 83 percent were put in isolation, and 98.9 percent had a satisfactory recovery. The main manifestations in children were: cough, 26.1 percent; fever, 23.9 percent and headache, 19.3 percent. Epidemiological conditions detected were: 1.4 percent traveled in the last two weeks; 47.7 percent had intradomyciliary contagion, and 67 percent were asymptomatic. No children were reported deceased, intubated, ventilated or with pneumonia. Conclusions: Children are just as susceptible to COVID-19 as other people; they have less severe clinical pictures that occur mainly with cough, fever, headache and general discomfort; they show a more favorable evolution and high prevalence of asymptomatic and intradomyciliary contagions(AU)

Síndrome DRESS por paracetamol / DRESS syndrome due to acetaminophen

A síndrome DRESS é uma entidade rara e distinta, caracterizada por acometimento cutâneo e envolvimento de órgãos internos, com risco potencial de morte. O diagnóstico e o tratamento pre- coces são de vital importância. Relatos de DRESS por paraceta- mol são raros na literatura, razão pela qual apresentamos este caso. Paciente do sexo masculino, 56 anos, com surgimento de rash maculopapular, febre, linfadenopatia e hipereosinofilia 3 semanas após suspensão de paracetamol, associados ao ante- cedente familiar de reação a fármaco. Evoluiu bem após pulso- terapia com metilprednisolona.

DRESS syndrome is a rare and distinct entity characterized by cutaneous manifestations and internal organs involvement with a potential risk of death. Early diagnosis and treatment are vi- tally important. Reported cases of DRESS syndrome due to ace- taminophen are rare in the literature, and that is the reason for this case report. A 56-year-old male patient with maculopapular rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, and hypereosinophilia three we- eks after suspension of acetaminophen, associated with a family history of drug reaction. It progressed well after pulse therapy with methylprednisolone.

A propósito de un caso: presentación atípica de rotura uterina / A case report: unusual presentation of uterine rupture

RESUMEN La rotura del útero gestante se define como una solución de continuidad patológica de la pared uterina, situada con mayor frecuencia en el segmento inferior. La rotura de un útero intacto es muy rara, su incidencia está estimada entre 1/5700 y 1/20000 embarazos. Su prevalencia ha aumentado dado el incremento de parto vaginal con cesárea anterior. Actualmente oscila entre el 0.3 y el 1 %, siendo mayor en mujeres en las que tiene lugar un intento de parto vaginal tras cesárea (0,78%) que en aquellas en las que se lleva a cabo una cesárea electiva (0,22%). En cuanto a su diagnóstico, suele ser precoz, dada la clínica de gravedad con la que debutan. En este caso se presenta una evolución atípica de rotura uterina, donde la paciente se mantiene asintomática hasta que acude a urgencias cinco días después del parto con fiebre y dolor abdominal; gracias a la ecografía abdominal y trans-vaginal se pudo establecer rápidamente el diagnóstico y así proceder a su inmediata reparación quirúrgica.

ABSTRACT Rupture of the pregnant uterus is defined as a solution of pathological continuity of the uterine wall, most often located in the lower segment. The rupture of an intact uterus is very rare, its incidence is estimated between 1/5700 and 1/20000 pregnancies. Its prevalence has increased given the increase in vaginal delivery with previous caesarean section. Currently, it ranges between 0.3 and 1%, being higher in women with a vaginal delivery after caesarean section (0.78%) than in those who undergo an elective caesarean section (0.22%). Their diagnosis is usually early given by the severity of the debut. In this case, there is an atypical evolution of uterine rupture where the patient remains asymptomatic until she goes to the emergency room five days after delivery with fever and abdominal pain; Because of the abdominal and transvaginal ultrasound, the diagnosis could be quickly established and thus proceed to immediate surgical repair.

Clinical features of children with periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis syndrome: an analysis of 13 cases / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the clinical features of children with periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome, a polygenic and multifactorial autoinflammatory disease with unknown pathogenesis.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 13 children with PFAPA syndrome.@*RESULTS@#All 13 children had disease onset within the age of 3 years, with a mean age of onset of (14±10) months. They all had periodic fever, with 8-18 attacks each year. The mean interictal period of fever was (30±5) days. Pharyngitis, cervical adenitis, and aphthous stomatitis were the three cardinal symptoms, with incidence rates of 100% (13/13), 85% (11/13), and 38% (5/13) respectively. There were increases in white blood cells, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate during fever. Of all the 13 children, 6 underwent whole exome sequencing and 7 underwent panel gene detection for autoinflammatory disease, and the results showed single heterozygous mutations in the @*CONCLUSIONS@#For children with unexplained periodic fever with early onset accompanied by pharyngitis, cervical adenitis, aphthous stomatitis, elevated inflammatory indices, and good response to glucocorticoids, PFAPA syndrome should be considered. This disorder has good prognosis, and early diagnosis can avoid the long-term repeated use of antibiotics.

Clinical manifestations of children and adolescents with covid-19: report of the first 115 cases from sabará hospital infantil / Manifestações clínicas de crianças e adolescentes com covid-19: relato dos primeiros 115 casos do sabará hospital infantil

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the clinical manifestations and severity of children and adolescents affected by COVID-19 treated at Sabará Hospital Infantil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, retrospective, and observational study. All cases of COVID-19 confirmed by RT-qPCR of patients seen at the hospital (emergency room, first-aid room, and ICU) were analyzed. The severity of the cases was classified according to the Chinese Consensus. Results: Among the 115 children included, a predominance of boys (57%) was verified, and the median age was two years. A total of 22 children were hospitalized, 12 in the ICU. Of the total, 26% had comorbidities with a predominance of asthma (13%). Fever, cough, and nasal discharge were the most frequent symptoms. Respiratory symptoms were reported by 58% of children and gastrointestinal symptoms, by 34%. Three children were asymptomatic, 81 (70%) had upper airway symptoms, 15 (13%) had mild pneumonia, and 16 (14%) had severe pneumonia. Hospitalized children were younger than non-hospitalized children (7 months vs. 36 months). In hospitalized patients, a higher frequency of irritability, dyspnea, drowsiness, respiratory distress, low oxygen saturation, and hepatomegaly was observed. Chest radiography was performed in 69 children with 45% of abnormal exams. No child required mechanical ventilation and there were no deaths. Conclusions: Most of children and adolescents affected by COVID-19 had mild upper airway symptoms. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 were more severe among younger children who exhibited gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms more frequently.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as manifestações clínicas e a gravidade de crianças e adolescentes acometidos pela COVID-19 atendidos no Sabará Hospital Infantil. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal, retrospectivo e observacional. Foram analisados os atendimentos (pronto-socorro, enfermaria e Unidade de Terapia Intensiva - UTI) que apresentavam diagnóstico de COVID-19 confirmado por RT-qPCR. A gravidade dos casos foi classificada de acordo com o Consenso Chinês. Resultados: Entre as 115 crianças incluídas, houve predominância do sexo masculino (57%) e a mediana de idade foi de 2 anos. Vinte e duas crianças foram hospitalizadas, sendo 12 em UTI. Do total, 26% apresentava comorbidades com predomínio de asma (13%). Febre, tosse e coriza foram os sintomas mais frequentes. Sintomas respiratórios foram relatados por 58% das crianças e gastrintestinais por 34%. Três crianças apresentavam-se assintomáticas, 81 (70%) com sintomas de vias aéreas superiores, 15 (13%) com quadro de pneumonia leve e 16 (14%) com pneumonia grave. As crianças hospitalizadas eram mais jovens do que as não hospitalizadas (7 meses vs. 36 meses). Nas hospitalizadas, observamos maior frequência de irritabilidade, dispneia, sonolência, desconforto respiratório, baixa saturação de oxigênio e hepatomegalia. Radiografia de tórax foi realizada por 69 crianças com 45% de exames alterados. Nenhuma criança necessitou de ventilação mecânica e não houve óbitos. Conclusões: Observamos que crianças e adolescentes acometidos pela Covid-19 apresentaram, em sua maioria, quadros leves e limitados a sintomas de via aérea superior. A gravidade do quadro clínico da Covid-19 foi maior entre as crianças de menor idade que tinham com maior frequência sintomas gastrintestinais e pulmonares.

A case report of TAFRO syndrome / 北京大学学报(医学版)

The study is to improve clinicians' understanding of TAFRO syndrome, to explore the diagnosis and treatment of TAFRO syndrome and to identify TAFRO syndrome in the early stage. The clinical manifestations, laboratory examination results, imaging manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of TAFRO syndrome were reported, and the literature of TAFRO syndrome was reviewed. The main clinical manifestations of the female were intermittent vaginal bleeding, fever, depressive edema of both legs, red blood cell and thrombocytopenia, and renal function deterioration. The results showed that leukocytes increased, anemia, thrombocytopenia and severe renal dysfunction were found; With fever, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin increased significantly, bone penetration suggested that granulocyte proliferation was active, and megakaryocytes were seen. But anti-infection treatment was ineffective; CT suggested that there was a high uptake of multiple fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in many parts of the body; The lymph node biopsy was considered to be in accordance with the transparent vascular type of Castleman disease; Renal biopsy was used to return thrombotic microvascular disease with subacute renal tubulointerstitial nephropathy. In terms of treatment, the clinical condition of the patients was improved after methylprednisolone (60 mg, once a day), the temperature was normal, and the effusion in the serous cavity was better than before. The blood transfusion and platelet support therapy were intermittently given. Hemoglobin and platelets were increased in sex, and the urine volume increased to 1 000 mL/day. However, the platelet dropped at a later time, after 1 month of treatment with topizumab, the clinical condition of the patients was further improved. At present, the blood pigment and platelets returned to normal and had been separated from dialysis. TAFRO syndrome is a special subtype of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease, and it is a group of systemic inflammatory diseases with its own characteristics. Its clinical manifestations and diagnosis and treatment are unique compared with other idiopathic multicentric Castleman diseases. For the enlargement of lymph nodes of unknown reasons, it is suggested to improve the lymph node biopsy actively. Renal insufficiency is an important part of TAFRO syndrome. Renal biopsy is of great significance to study the pathogenesis of TAFRO syndrome and to judge the prognosis of patients. The clinical diagnosis of the disease requires comprehensive clinical manifestations and the results of various examinations. Early diagnosis and early treatment of the disease can often achieve good clinical effect.

Caracterización de pacientes con COVID-19 grave atendidos en un hospital de referencia nacional del Perú / Description of patients with severe COVID-19 treated in a national referral hospital in Peru

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de describir las manifestaciones de pacientes con enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, antecedentes, manifestaciones clínicas y radiológicas, tratamientos y evolución en pacientes que ingresaron por emergencia, del 6 al 25 de marzo de 2020, al Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins en Lima. Se registraron 17 pacientes: el 76% eran varones, edad promedio de 53,5 años (rango de 25 a 94); el 23,5% había regresado del extranjero; 41,2% referido de otros establecimientos de salud; 41,2% ingresó a ventilación mecánica; falleció el 29,4% (5 pacientes). Los factores de riesgo detectados fueron adulto mayor, tener hipertensión arterial y obesidad; los principales síntomas, tos, fiebre y disnea; los hallazgos de laboratorio frecuentes, proteína C reactiva elevada y linfopenia; la presentación radiológica predominante, el infiltrado pulmonar intersticial bilateral. Se reporta una primera experiencia en el manejo de pacientes con diagnóstico de la COVID-19 grave en el Perú.

ABSTRACT In order to describe manifestations from patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), sociodemographic variables such as, previous medical history, clinical and radiological manifestations, treatments and evolution of patients were evaluated. This took place from March 6th to 25th, 2020, in the "Edgardo Rebagliati Martins" National Hospital in Lima. Seventeen patients were registered: 76% were male, with an average age of 53.5 years (range 25-94); 23.5% had returned from abroad; 41.2% were referred from other health facilities; 41.2% were admitted to mechanical ventilation; 29.4% (5 patients) died. The risk factors detected were: advanced age, arterial hypertension and obesity. The main symptoms detected were: cough, fever and dyspnea. Frequent laboratory findings were: elevated C-reactive protein and lymphopenia. The predominant radiological presentation was bilateral interstitial lung infiltrate. A first experience in the management of patients diagnosed with severe COVID-19 in Peru is reported.

COVID-19 en la terapia intensiva: Análisis de la experiencia durante el primer mes de la pandemia / COVID-19 in the intensive care unit. Analysis of the experience during the first month of pandemic

Se trata de un análisis de características clínicas, hallazgos radiológicos, variables de laboratorio y mecánica respiratoria en pacientes con enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) durante el primer mes de la pandemia en Buenos Aires. Es un estudio descriptivo de casos, de un solo centro. Se incluyeron todos los casos confirmados de COVID-19 internados en la unidad de terapia intensiva de adultos (UTIA) del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Todos los casos se confirmaron por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa. Un total de 7 pacientes con COVID-19 fueron atendidos en la UTIA. La mediana de edad fue de 71 años (intervalos intercuartílicos: 52-75), 4 hombres y 3 mujeres. Las manifestaciones clínicas más comunes fueron fiebre (7), tos (5), astenia (4) y disnea (3). Entre los hallazgos radiológicos, cinco de ellos mostraron opacidades intersticiales y un paciente consolidación pulmonar bilateral. Cinco requirieron ventilación mecánica invasiva y múltiples sesiones de decúbito prono. Ninguno murió durante la hospitalización, aunque aún tres permanecen en UCI.

This is an analysis of clinical characteristics, images findings, laboratory variables and respiratory mechanics in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the first month of the pandemic outbreak in Buenos Aires. In this descriptive case study of a single-centre, we included all confirmed cases of COVID-19 hospitalized in intensive care unit (ICU). All cases were confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. A total of 7 patients with confirmed COVID-19 were referred to out ICU. The median age was 71 years (interquartile range 52-75), including 4 men and 3 women. Patients most common clinical manifestations were fever (7), cough (5), asthenia (4) and shortness of breath (3). Among the radiological findings, five of them showed interstitial opacities and one patient had bilateral pulmonary consolidation. Five required invasive mechanical ventilation and multiple prone sessions. None died during hospitalization, although three still remain in the ICU. According to imaging examination, 71.4% showed interstitial opacities and one patient bilateral consolidation. Five patients required invasive mechanical ventilation and multiple prone sessions. None of them died during hospitalization, although three still remain in the ICU.

Enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) en terapia intensiva: informe de un caso / Coronavirus disease (covid-19) in critical care: a case report

Una de las características de la afección pulmonar por enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) es la disociación entre la gravedad de la hipoxemia y el mantenimiento de una mecánica respiratoria relativamente conservada. En este contexto se ha establecido una teoría en relación con dos fenotipos de pacientes con síndrome de distrés respiratorio del adulto (SDRA): un fenotipo Low, caracterizado por baja elastancia y baja reclutabilidad, y un fenotipo High, con características de alta elastancia y alta reclutabilidad. Presentamos el caso de un paciente que cursó internación en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos de nuestro hospital, con clínica, mecánica ventilatoria y patrón tomográfico compatible con el fenotipo Low de SDRA por COVID-19. (AU)

Dissociation between severity of hypoxemia and relative preserved respiratory mechanics is a characteristic observed in lung impairment due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Patients with COVID-19 that present adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are identified for one of two phenotypes according to a theory recently established. The Low phenotype is distinguished by low elastance and low recruitability; and the High phenotype, by high elastance and high recruitability. The case describes a patient admitted in the adult Intensive Care Unit of Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires with observed symptoms, ventilatory mechanics and tomographic pattern that are compatible with Low phenotype of ARDS due to COVID-19. (AU)

Imaging findings in COVID-19 pneumonia

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in Wuhan city and was declared a pandemic in March 2020. Although the virus is not restricted to the lung parenchyma, the use of chest imaging in COVID-19 can be especially useful for patients with moderate to severe symptoms or comorbidities. This article aimed to demonstrate the chest imaging findings of COVID-19 on different modalities: chest radiography, computed tomography, and ultrasonography. In addition, it intended to review recommendations on imaging assessment of COVID-19 and to discuss the use of a structured chest computed tomography report. Chest radiography, despite being a low-cost and easily available method, has low sensitivity for screening patients. It can be useful in monitoring hospitalized patients, especially for the evaluation of complications such as pneumothorax and pleural effusion. Chest computed tomography, despite being highly sensitive, has a low specificity, and hence cannot replace the reference diagnostic test (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). To facilitate the confection and reduce the variability of radiological reports, some standardizations with structured reports have been proposed. Among the available classifications, it is possible to divide the radiological findings into typical, indeterminate, atypical, and negative findings. The structured report can also contain an estimate of the extent of lung involvement (e.g., more or less than 50% of the lung parenchyma). Pulmonary ultrasonography can also be an auxiliary method, especially for monitoring hospitalized patients in intensive care units, where transfer to a tomography scanner is difficult.

Severe clinical spectrum with high mortality in pediatric patients with COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome

OBJECTIVES: To assess the outcomes of pediatric patients with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease (COVID-19) with or without multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 471 samples collected from 371 patients (age<18 years) suspected of having severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The study group comprised 66/371 (18%) laboratory-confirmed pediatric COVID-19 patients: 61 (92.5%) patients tested positive on real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction tests for SARS-CoV-2, and 5 (7.5%) patients tested positive on serological tests. MIS-C was diagnosed according to the criteria of the Center for Disease Control. RESULTS: MIS-C was diagnosed in 6/66 (9%) patients. The frequencies of diarrhea, vomiting, and/or abdominal pain (67% vs. 22%, p=0.034); pediatric SARS (67% vs. 13%, p=0.008); hypoxemia (83% vs. 23%, p=0.006); and arterial hypotension (50% vs. 3%, p=0.004) were significantly higher in patients with MIS-C than in those without MIS-C. The frequencies of C-reactive protein levels >50 mg/L (83% vs. 25%, p=0.008) and D-dimer levels >1000 ng/mL (100% vs. 40%, p=0.007) and the median D-dimer, troponin T, and ferritin levels (p<0.05) were significantly higher in patients with MIS-C. The frequencies of pediatric intensive care unit admission (100% vs. 60%, p=0.003), mechanical ventilation (83% vs. 7%, p<0.001), vasoactive agent use (83% vs. 3%, p<0.001), shock (83% vs. 5%, p<0.001), cardiac abnormalities (100% vs. 2%, p<0.001), and death (67% vs. 3%, p<0.001) were also significantly higher in patients with MIS-C. Similarly, the frequencies of oxygen therapy (100% vs. 33%, p=0.003), intravenous immunoglobulin therapy (67% vs. 2%, p<0.001), aspirin therapy (50% vs. 0%, p<0.001), and current acute renal replacement therapy (50% vs. 2%, p=0.002) were also significantly higher in patients with MIS-C. Logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of MIS-C was significantly associated with gastrointestinal manifestations [odds ratio (OR)=10.98; 95%CI (95% confidence interval)=1.20-100.86; p=0.034] and hypoxemia [OR=16.85; 95%CI=1.34-211.80; p=0.029]. Further univariate analysis showed a positive association between MIS-C and death [OR=58.00; 95%CI=6.39-526.79; p<0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 with MIS-C had a severe clinical spectrum with a high mortality rate. Our study emphasizes the importance of investigating MIS-C in pediatric patients with COVID-19 presenting with gastrointestinal involvement and hypoxemia.